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minerals

What are minerals?

Inorganic chemical  elements are essentional for  growth and reproduction are involved in large number of physiological and biosynthetic with in the body.

Why minerals require for dairy farm ?

  • Mineral constitute only a small proportion of the diet but their role is paramount.
  • Minerals are key Nutrients for profitable dairy farm. For good health .
  • For success of calf's a year programme. For higher and sustained milk yield.
  • For better metabolic activity .
  • For increasing disease resistance .

What are cheated minerals ?

  • Chelation process involves chemical bounding between inorganic mineral and organic compound.
  • It’s a Way to presenting the essential trace minerals to the cattle in the form of more readily absorbed and utilized and are not subject to interaction commonly seen in inorganic minerals.

Types of Minerals :

Major Minerals (macro) Trace Minerals (micro)
Calcium Zinc
Phosphorus Copper
Magnesium Cobalt
Sodium Manganese
Potassium Selenium
Chlorine Iodine
Sulphur Iron
Chromium

Calcium

  • 98 % of ca in the body is present in skeletal and 2 % in extra cellular fluid.
  • Essential for transmission of nerve impulse
  • Excitation of skeletal and cardiac muscles contraction, control cell permiability,blood coagulation ,digestive secretion and as a component of milk.
  • Deficiency –milk fever. Decrease feed intake and drop in milk production.

Why Calcium Required for Dairy Cattle?

 

Phosphorus

  • About 80% phosphorus in the body found in bones and teeth. Principally as appetite salts and calcium phosphate
  • It is located in every cell and all energy transactions involve formation or break down of ADP.
  • Phosphorus required by micro flora for digeshon of cellulose.
  • Chronic deficiency-rickets in young animals and osteomalacia in adults.

Magnesium

Is essential for formation anal maintenance of strong bones.Major intra cellular cation.Function in enzyme system of the body.

Which affect muscles tone dietary energy .utilization and in manufacture of milk.Deficiency cause hypo- magnesaemic tetany also called grass tetany and grass staggers.

Sodium

  • Primarily extra cellular cat-ion maintain or regulate extra cellular fluid and acid base equilibrium.
  • The heart function and nerve impulse condition and transmission are depend on the proper balance of sodium and potassium.
  • The Na-K pump is essential for all eukaryotic cell, enabling active transport of nutrients across the cell membrane.
  • Deficiency-loss of appetite, intense craving for salt. Licking and chewing various objects and general pica. Rapid loss of body wt. and rough hair coat.

Chlorine

  • Essential for transport of Carbon dioxide and oxygen.
  • Is chief anion in gastric secretion(Hcl) kill pathogen, required for protein digestion and for activation of pancreatic amylase.
  • Early Deficiency- weight loss, lethargy, anorexia.
  • Later deficiency-eyes defects ,reduced respiration rates and blood and mucus appeared in faces

Sulfur

Is an essentional component of amino acid as well as certain vitamin and enzyme .It is one of the most important mineral for maintaining anal supporting an achieve growth of rumen micro flora.

For efficient utilization of N.P.N dietry nitrogen sulphur ratio should be 10:1 and 12 1,deficiency of any one hempers ruminal cellulose digestion and reduce animal performances.

potassium

Is third almost abundant mineral in the cows body.

 Involved in several enzyme system,musscles activity and tissues cell functions.

It is major intracellular electrdytee mainly located with red blood cells.

Deficiency- hair glossiness loss

reduced water and feed intake.

Cobalt

Essential in ruminants for formation of vitamin B12 .with help of rumen micro flora.

In ruminants main sources of energy is not glucose as in monogestric .but from the metabolism of V.F.A like A.A,P.A,B.A

 B12 required for enzymatic activity which facilitates the productions of glucose from propionic acid and help in attaining early puberty.

Deficiency cause-loss of appetite, rough hairs coat, depressed growth in calves reduced conception rate and milk production.

 

Manganese

  • Is associated with skeletal development reproduction and functioning of nervous system.
  • Involve in a number of enzyme system in the body which participate in carbohydrate ,fat and protein utilization.
  • Play vital role in reproduction by cholesterol synthesis which is required for synthesis of the steroid hormones, estrogen progesterone and testosterone.
  • Deficiency cause –delayed sexual maturity ,skeletal abnormalities', reproductive failures. And abortions etc

Zinc

  • Is essential component of over 200 enzyme systems.
  • Has critical role in the repairs of and maintenance of uterine lining following parturition , speeding return to normal reproductive function and estrus
  • Zn increase plasma b carotene level which is directly correlate to improve conception rate and embryonic development.
  • The elation between zinc and clean milk production is well known as it reduce the somatic cell count.(so supply of zinc regularly is must).
  • Play major role in disease resistance ,maintain epithelial tissue integrity and transport of Vit- A and E.

Iodine

  • Is essential component of hormones,thyroxine which regulates metabolic rate.
  • THYROXINE HAS AN IMPORTANT INFLUENCE ON THE GROWTH RATE AND PRODUCTION OF LIVE STOCK.
  • Deficiency cause-enlarged thyroid gland in calves and calves may be born hairless ,week,or dead.
  • Reduced fertility in adult male and female .
  • Lactating animal cause less milk production ,have a poor hair coat and increase incidence of mastitis.

Selenium

  • Selenium improve the killing ability of neutrophils improve immune system.
  • Deficiencies –white muscles diseases in young calves, cardiac and skeletal muscles degeneration ,heart failure .
  • paralysis in hind legs.
  • Udder edema, cystic ovaries and metritis is related to selenium supplementation.
  • A REDUCTION IN R.O.P MAY OCCURES WHEN CATTLE ARE TREATED WITH INJECTABLE SELENIUM AND VIT e

Chromium

  • Is an essential trace mineral for normal sugar and fat metabolism.
  • Increase the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor leading to enhanced insulin sensitivity. work with insulin in the metabolism of sugar and stabilizes blood sugar level.
  • Increase the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor leading to enhanced insulin sensitivity. work with insulin in the metabolism of sugar and stabilizes blood sugar level.
  • Supplementation of chromium enhance resistance to mastitis in dairy cattle.
  • Deficiency –in lactating cow increase incidence of ketosis and deceased milk production.

Trace minerals

Play a key role in many enzyme system .Micro minerals are needed for -:

  1. Blood synthesis
  2. Normal reproduction
  3. Vitamin synthesis
  4. Enzyme formation
  5. Immune system integrity
  6. Hormones structure . 

Advantages of minerals

  • Improve bio-absorption.
  • Improve bioavailability and distribution.
  • Improve animal performance.
  • Improve fertility rate.
  • Improve embryo viability.
  • Improve semen quality.
  • Improve tissue integrity.
  • Improve disease resistance.
  • Improve hoof condition.
  • Reduce somatic cell count in milk.
  • Reduce stress .
  • Reduce mastitis incidence.
ORGANISED DAIRY FARM

Vitamins

Complex organic substances occurring naturally in plants and animal tissue essential in small amount for metabolic process.

Types of Vitamins

Two types –

  1. water soluble ( Vit c and B complex group)
  2. fat soluble ( Vit A, D, E. K )